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History of the Name Palestine Information

This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine, and cognates such as Filastin and Palaestina, through the various time periods of the region.

The term Peleset (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in numerous Egyptian documents referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. The first mention is thought to be in texts of the temple at Medinet Habu which record a people called the Peleset among the Sea Peoples who invaded Egypt in Ramesses III's reign.[1] The Assyrians called the same region Palashtu or Pilistu, beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c.800 BCE through to emperor Sargon II in his Annals approximately a century later.[2][3][4] Neither the Egyptian or Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.

The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece.[5] Herodotus wrote of a 'district of Syria, called Palaistinê" in The Histories, the first historical work clearly defining the region, which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition in Meteorology, writing "Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink, this would bear out what we have said. They say that this lake is so bitter and salt that no fish live in it and that if you soak clothes in it and shake them it cleans them," understood by scholars to be a reference to the Dead Sea.[12] Later writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the term to refer to the same region. This usage was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.[13] Other writers, such as Strabo, a prominent Roman-era geographer (although he wrote in Greek), referred to the region as Coele-Syria around 10-20 CE.[14][15] The term was first used to denote an official province in c.135 CE, when the Roman authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, combined Iudaea Province with Galilee and other surrounding cities such as Ashkelon to form "Syria Palaestina" (Syria Palaestina), which some scholars state was in order to complete the dissociation with Judaea.[16][17]

The Hebrew name Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth), from the Semitic root p-l-sh (Hebrew: פלש‎) which means to divide, go through, to roll in, cover or invade,[18] with a possible sense in this name as "migrant" or "invader"[19] is usually transliterated as Palestine in English and equated to Philistia, which is used in the Bible more than 250 times. The Greek word Palaistinē (Παλαιστίνη, "Palaistine") is generally accepted to be a translation of the Semitic name for Philistia; however another term – Land of Philistieim (Γη των Φυλιστιειμ, transliteration from Hebrew) – was used in the Septuagint, the second century BCE Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, to refer to Philistia.[20] In the Torah / Pentateuch the term Philistia is used 10 times and its boundaries are undefined. The later Historical books (see Deuteronomistic history) include most of the biblical references, almost 200 of which are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel, where the term is used to denote the southern coastal region to the west of the ancient Kingdom of Judah.[21][2][3][13]

During the Byzantine period, the entire region (Syria Palestine, Samaria, and the Galilee) was named Palaestina, subdivided into provinces Palaestina I and II.[22] The Byzantines also renamed an area of land including the Negev, Sinai, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as Palaestina Salutaris, sometimes called Palaestina III.[22] The Arabic word for Palestine is فلسطين (commonly transcribed in English as Filistin, Filastin, or Falastin).[23] Moshe Sharon writes that when the Arabs took over Greater Syria in the 7th century, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration before them, generally continued to be used. Hence, he traces the emergence of the Arabic form Filastin to this adoption, with Arabic inflection, of Roman and Hebrew (Semitic) names.[2] Jacob Lassner and Selwyn Ilan Troen offer a different view, writing that Jund Filastin, the full name for the administrative province under the rule of the Arab caliphates, was traced by Muslim geographers back to the Philistines of the Bible.[24] The use of the name "Palestine" in English became more common after the European renaissance.[25] It was officially revived by the British after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and applied to the territory that was placed under the Palestine Mandate.

Contents

Historical references

Ancient period

Classical antiquity

Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period

Hellenic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic/Seleucid/Hasmonean) period

Roman Jerusalem period

However, during the Roman Jerusalem period "Palestine" was not the only geographical term for the region. For example, Strabo, in his description of Jerusalem and Judea, uses the term Coele-Syria, and Pliny (as above) uses both terms.[47][48][49]

Roman Aelia Capitolina period

Late Antiquity period

Late Roman Empire (Byzantine) period

Middle Ages

Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period

Fatimid Caliphate period

Crusaders period

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

Early modern period

Early Ottoman period

Modern period

Late Ottoman period

British Mandate period

Biblical references

The Philistines and Philistia are mentioned more than 250 times in the Hebrew Bible.[96][97][98] The Hebrew word Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth) - usually translated as Philistia in English, is used in the Bible to denote the southern coastal region that was inhabited by the Philistines ("Plištim" (פְּלִשְׁתִּים Pəlištîm)[99] The Philistines first appear in a listing of the Hamitic branch of Noah's descendants.[100] The word Philistia is generally accepted to be a cognate of the word Palestine. However, the terms for biblical Philistia and geographical Palestine have been different since at least the second century BCE. As early as the LXX, thought to have been completed in 132 BCE, the biblical term for Philistines in Greek (Philistieim) was different to the contemporary Greek name for the region (Palaistine)[101]

The five books of the Pentateuch / Torah include a total of 10 references, including:[96][97]

The Historical books (see Deuteronomistic history) include over 250 references, almost 200 of which are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel, including:[96][97]

Wisdom books include only 6 references, all in the Psalms, including:[96][97]

Books of the Major prophets and Minor prophets include around 20 references, including:[96][97]

See also

External references

References

  1. ^ a b Fahlbusch et al., 2005, p. 185.
  2. ^ a b c d Sharon, 1988, p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c d Room, 1997, p. 285.
  4. ^ a b Carl S. Ehrlich "Philistines" The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan. Oxford University Press, 2001.
  5. ^ Jacobson, David M. (February 1999). Weinstein, James M.. ed. "Palestine and Israel". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (The American Schools of Oriental Research) (313): 65–74. ISSN 0003097X. JSTOR 1357617. ""The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century b.c., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt."..."The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the "whole land by the name of the coastal strip."..."It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense."" and David Jacobson (May/Jun 2001). "When Palestine Meant Israel". BAR 27:03. http://cojs.org/cojswiki/When_Palestine_Meant_Israel,_David_Jacobson,_BAR_27:03,_May/Jun_2001.. Retrieved 2 March 2012. "As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century B.C.E., the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel"
  6. ^ Jacobson, David M., Palestine and Israel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (Feb., 1999), pp. 65–74
  7. ^ The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara Steven S. Tuell Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (Nov., 1991), pp. 51–57
  8. ^ Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast Anson F. Rainey Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb., 2001), pp. 57–63
  9. ^ In his work, Herodotus referred to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people: "the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians.... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." The History of Herodotus
  10. ^ Beloe, W., Rev., Herodotus, (tr. from Greek), with notes, Vol.II, London, 1821, p.269 "It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture."
  11. ^ Elyahu Green, Geographic names of places in Israel in Herodotos This is confirmed by George Rawlinson in the third book (Thalia) of The Histories where Palaestinian Syrians are part of the fifth tax district spanning the territory from Phoenicia to the borders of Egypt, but excludes the kingdom of Arabs who were exempt from tax for providing the Assyrian army with water on its march to Egypt. These people had a large city called Cadytis, identified as Jerusalem.
  12. ^ a b "Meteorology By Aristotle". Classics.mit.edu. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.2.ii.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  13. ^ a b Robinson, Edward, Physical geography of the Holy Land, Crocker & Brewster, Boston, 1865, p.15. Robinson, writing in 1865 when travel by Europeans to the Ottoman Empire became common asserts that, "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη), it is used by Josephus. But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews ; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."
  14. ^ Studies in Hellenistic Judaism ：Louis H. Feldman
  15. ^ The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa ：Getzel M. Cohen
  16. ^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm#135-337. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  17. ^ Sharon, 1998, p. 4. According to Moshe Sharon: "Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious Judaea", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it Palaestina or Syria Palaestina.
  18. ^ Jastrow 2005, p. 1185.
  19. ^ "plš". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition: Appendix II Semitic Roots. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S222.html. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  20. ^ Jacobson, David M. (February 1999). Weinstein, James M.. ed. "Palestine and Israel". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (The American Schools of Oriental Research) (313): 65–74. ISSN 0003097X. JSTOR 1357617.
  21. ^ Lewis, 1993, p. 153.
  22. ^ a b Kaegi, 1995, p. 41.
  23. ^ Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.
  24. ^ Lassner and Troen, 2007, pp. 54–55.
  25. ^ Gudrun Krämer (2008) A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel Translated by Gudrun Krämer and Graham Harman Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11897-3 p 16
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  29. ^ The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara, Steven S. Tuell, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (Nov., 1991), pp. 51–57
  30. ^ Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast, Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb., 2001), pp. 57–63
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  48. ^ A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period Page 174 Lester L. Grabbe - 2008 "The place of Judah in Coele-Syria was readily known in geographical writings. According to Strabo, Syria includes the following areas: We set down as parts of Syria, beginning at Cilicia and Mt. Amanus, both Commagene and the Seleucis ...
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  98. ^ Killebrew, 2005, p. 202.
  99. ^ Lewis, 1993, p. 153.
  100. ^ Smith, 1863, p. 1546.
  101. ^ Jacobson, p65
Jewish nationalism and the region of Palestine
Historic region of Palestine The State of Israel Israeli-occupied territories

History History of Palestine Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine Time periods in the Palestine region Timeline of the name Palestine Definitions of Palestine Demographics of Palestine The Jewish people Jewish history in the region of Palestine Timeline of Jewish history Chronology of Jewish settlement in the region of Palestine Israeli Jews Israeli culture Law of Return

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Israeli settlements Israeli settlement timeline International law and Israeli settlements Demographics Political status Green Line (Israel) West Bank Judea and Samaria Area Gaza Strip Hof Aza Regional Council · Geography of the Gaza Strip East Jerusalem Positions on Jerusalem
Palestinian nationalism and the region of Palestine
Palestine (region) State of Palestine Palestinian National Authority

Name and Definition Definitions of Palestine · Timeline of the name Palestine History of Palestine Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine Time periods in the Palestine region · Demographics of Palestine · Israeli–Palestinian conflict Palestinians Palestinian refugees · Palestinian culture · Palestinian diaspora · Palestinian right of return

Political status History of the State of Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Green Line (Israel) West Bank History of the West Bank · Geography of the West Bank Gaza Strip History of Gaza · Geography of the Gaza Strip East Jerusalem Positions on Jerusalem · Jerusalem Governorate

Oslo Accords Oslo 2 Politics of the PNA Palestinian Legislative Council · PNA-Administered Cities · PNA Governorates · Palestinian law · Electoral districts · Foreign relations Political parties in the PNA Fatah Hamas
Topics related to the historic region of Palestine
History History of Palestine (Jewish history · Muslim history · Christian history) · Timeline of the name Palestine · Definitions of Palestine · Time periods in the Palestine region · Timeline of the region of Palestine history · Demographics of Palestine
Holy places
All Abrahamic Religions Cave of the Patriarchs · Joseph's Tomb · Rachel's Tomb · Lot's Tomb
Judaism Four Holy Cities · Western Wall
Christianity Church of the Holy Sepulchre · Church of the Nativity · Basilica of the Annunciation
Islam Dome of the Rock · Al-Aqsa Mosque · Great Mosque of Gaza
Ruling regimes Philistines / Canaanites / New Kingdom Egypt · Ancient Israel and Judah · Neo-Assyrian Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire · Persian Empire · Hellenistic Greece and Hasmonean · Roman Empire · Byzantine Empire · Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates · The Crusaders, Seljuks and Ayyubids · The Mamluk · Ottoman Empire · British Empire · Modern state of Israel / Palestinian territories / Egypt / Jordan

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