Near-open Central Vowel Information
The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.
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- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its vowel roundedness may be rounded or unrounded. If precision is desired, the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, for the unrounded near-open central vowel, [ɜ̞], and the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel with a lowering diacritic may be used for the rounded near-open central vowel, [ɞ̞].
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Standard[1] | قطة | [qitˤːɐ] | 'cat' | Allophone of long and short /a/ before a word boundary. See Arabic phonology |
| Bulgarian | ъгъл | [ˈɤɡɐɫ] | 'angle' | See Bulgarian language | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 心/sam1 | [sɐm˥] | 'heart' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Danish | spiser | [ˈsb̥iˀsɐ] | 'eat(s)' (present) | See Danish phonology | |
| English | California[2] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel as it corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
| RP[3] | |||||
| Inland North America | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
| German | Ober | [ˈoːbɐ] | 'waiter' | Reduced vowel. See German phonology | |
| Korean | 발 | [pɐl] | 'foot' | ⟨a⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. See Korean phonology | |
| Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects[4] | saca | [ˈsakɐ] | 'sack' | Reduced vowel. See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian[5] | голова | [ɡəɫɐˈva] | 'head' | Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Dawsahak | [nɐ] | 'to give' | |||
| Vietnamese | ăn | [ɐn] | 'to eat' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Thelwall (1990:39)
- ^ Ladefoged (1999:?)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Padgett & Tabain (2005:16)
References
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W (2004)), Upton, Clive, ed., A handbook of varieties of English, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
- Padgett, Jaye; Tabain, Marija (2005), "Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian", Phonetica 62 (1): 14–54, doi:10.1159/000087223, PMID 16116302, http://people.ucsc.edu/~padgett/locker/vreductpaper.pdf
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41
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