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Palatal Approximant Information

The palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is j. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, or equivalently, i_^, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is y.

In the writing systems used for most of the languages of Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year'; in other languages, the letters y or i may be used.

In linguistics, the palatal approximant is sometimes called after the Semitic letter yod, as in the phonological history terms yod dropping and yod coalescence.

In Ancient Greek grammar, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as ι̯ (iota with the inverted breve below, the non-syllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel).

Contents

Features

Features of the palatal approximant:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard يوم [jawm] 'day' See Arabic phonology
Basque bai [baj] 'yes'
Bulgarian майка/mayka [ˈmajkɐ] 'mother'
Catalan[1] seient [səˈjen] 'seat' See Catalan phonology
Chechen ялх/yalx [jalx] 'six'
Chinese Cantonese /jat9 [jɐt˨ʔ] 'day' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin /yī [ji˥] 'one' See Mandarin phonology
Corsican ghjesgia [ˈjeːʒa] 'church' Also occurs in the Gallurese dialect
Czech je [jɛ] 'is' See Czech phonology
Danish jeg [jä] 'I' See Danish phonology
Dutch jaar [jaːr] 'year' See Dutch phonology
English you [juː] 'you' See English phonology
Esperanto jaro [jaro] 'year' See Esperanto phonology
Finnish jalka [ˈjɑlkɑ] 'leg' See Finnish phonology
French yaourt [jauʀt] 'yoghurt' See French phonology
German Joch [jɔx] 'yoke' See German phonology
Hebrew ילד [ˈjeled] 'boy' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian játék [jaːteːk] 'game' See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian йи [ji] 'game'
Irish[2] ghearrfadh [ˈjɑːɾˠhəx] 'would cut' See Irish phonology
Italian[3] ione [ˈjone] 'ion' See Italian phonology
Japanese やった/yatta [jatːa] 'Yay!/scored/did/made it' See Japanese phonology
Korean 야구/yagu [ˈjaːɡu] 'baseball' See Korean phonology
Malay sayang [sajaŋ] 'love'
Norwegian jul [jʉːl] 'Christmas' See Norwegian phonology
Polish[4] jutro [ˈjutrɔ] (help·info) 'tomorrow' See Polish phonology
Portuguese saia [ˈsajɐ] 'skirt' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian iar [jar] 'again' See Romanian phonology
Russian я/ya [ja] 'I' See Russian phonology
Spanish[5] viuda [ˈbjuða] 'widow' Non-syllabic allophone of /i/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish jag [ˈjɑːɡ] 'I' See Swedish phonology
Turkish yol [jol] 'way' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh [ajəwʃqʼa] 'you did it' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian їжак, jižak [jiˈʒak] 'hedgehog' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese de [jɛ] 'cinnamon' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian jas [jɔs] 'coat'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[6] yan [jaŋ] 'neck'

See also

References

  1. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  2. ^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
  3. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  4. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  5. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  6. ^ Merrill (2008:108)

Bibliography

· · International Phonetic Alphabet
IPA topics
IPA International Phonetic Association · History of the IPA · Kiel convention (1989) · Journal of the IPA (JIPA) · Naming conventions
Phonetics Diacritics · Segments · Tone letter · Place of articulation · Manner of articulation
Special topics Extensions to the IPA · Obsolete and nonstandard symbols · IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings SAMPA · X-SAMPA · Conlang X-SAMPA · Kirshenbaum · TIPA · Phonetic symbols in Unicode · WorldBet
Consonants
· · IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart imageaudio
Place Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glottal
Manner Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post​alv. Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal
Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Trill ʙ r ɽ͡r ʀ я *
Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ɾ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ ɭ˔̊ ʎ̥˔ ʟ̝̊
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ
Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̠ ʎ̯
Non-pulmonic consonants
Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Implosives ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Ejectives ʈʼ
θʼ ɬʼ χʼ
tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ
Affricates
p̪f ts dz ʈʂ ɖʐ
ɟʝ
Co-articulated consonants
Fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ
Approximants ʍ w ɥ ɫ
Stops k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants.
Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
* Symbol not defined in IPA.
Chart image Pulmonics · Non-pulmonics · Affricates · Co-articulated
Vowels
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i yɨ ʉɯ uɪ ʏɪ̈ ʊ̈ʊe øɘ ɵɤ o ø̞ əɤ̞ ɛ œɜ ɞʌ ɔæ ɐa ɶäɑ ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Vowels: IPA help • chartchart with audio

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