Timeline of Jerusalem Information
This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem:
Contents |
Ancient period
New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BCE The Levant showing Jerusalem in c. 830 BCE Neo-Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent Achaemenid Empire under Darius IIIProto-Canaanite period
- 4500-3500 BCE: First settlement established near Gihon Spring (earliest archeological evidence)
- c. 2000 BCE: First known mention of the city (then known as Rusalimum) in the Middle Kingdom Egyptian Execration Texts.[1][2] The Semitic root S-L-M in the name is thought to refer to either "peace" (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or Shalim, the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion.
- c. 1700 BCE: Earliest archeological evidence of stone walls built around the city.
Canaanite and New Kingdom Egyptian period
- c.1550-1400 BCE: Jerusalem becomes a vassal to Egypt as the Egyptian New Kingdom reunites Egypt and expands into the Levant under Ahmose I and Thutmose I.
- c.1330 BCE: Correspondence in the Amarna letters between Abdi-Heba, Canaanite ruler of Jerusalem (then known as Urusalim), and Amenhotep III, suggesting the city was a vassal to New Kingdom Egypt.
- 1178 BCE: The Battle of Djahy (Canaan) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marks the beginning of the decline in power of the New Kingdom in the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse
- c.1178-1000 BCE: Jerusalem becomes known as Jebus and the Canaanite inhabitants at this time are known as Jebusites according to the Bible.
Independent Israel and Judah (House of David) period
- c. 1000 BCE: Sack of Jerusalem (10th century BC) - King David attacks and captures Jerusalem. Jerusalem becomes City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel.[1] (Biblical source only)
- c. 962 BCE: King Solomon builds the First Temple. (Biblical source only)
- c. 931-930 BCE: Solomon dies, and the Golden Age of Israel ends. Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) Kingdom of Judah led by Rehoboam after the split of the United Monarchy. (Biblical source only)
- 925 BCE: Sack of Jerusalem (925 BC) - Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period invades Canaan. Possibly the same as Shishak, the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem
- 853 BCE: The Battle of Qarqar in which Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against Shalmaneser III of Neo-Assyria (Jehoshaphat of Judah was allied to Ahab of the Israel according to the Bible).
- c.850 BCE: Jerusalem is sacked by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians, who looted King Jehoram's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz. (Biblical source only)
- c.830 BCE: Hazael of Aram Damascus conquers most of Canaan. According to the Bible, Jehoash of Judah gave all of Jerusalem's treasures as a tribute, but Hazael proceeded to destroy “all the princes of the people” in the city.
- 786 BCE: Jehoash of Israel sacks the city, destroys the walls and takes Amaziah of Judah prisoner (Biblical sources only)
- c.740 BCE: Assyrian inscriptions record military victories of Tiglath Pileser III over Uzziah of Judah
Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires period
Illustration from the Nuremberg Chronicle of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule- 732 BCE: Jerusalem becomes a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire[3] after Ahaz of Judah appeals to Tiglath Pileser III of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to protect the city from Pekah of Israel and Rezin of Aram. Tiglath Pileser III subsequently conquered most of the Levant.
- c. 712 BCE: The Siloam Tunnel is built in order to keep water from the Gihon Spring inside the city. According to the Bible the tunnel was built by King Hezekiah in preparation for a siege by the Assyrians, along with an expansion of Jerusalem's fortifications across the Tyropoeon Valley to enclose the hill today known as Mount Zion.[4]
- 712 BCE: Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem - Jerusalem pays further tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire after the Neo-Assyrian King Sennacherib laid siege to the city.
- c.670 BCE: Manasseh, the ruler of Jerusalem, is brought in chains to the Assyrian king, presumably for suspected disloyalty[5]. (Biblical source only)
- c.627 BCE: The death of Ashurbanipal and the successful revolt of Nabopolassar replaces the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the Neo-Babylonian Empire
- 609 BCE: Jerusalem becomes part of the Empire of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt after Josiah of Judah is killed by the army of Pharaoh Necho II at the Battle of Megiddo (609 BC). Josiah's son Jehoahaz of Judah is deposed by the Egyptians and replaced as ruler of Jerusalem by his brother Jehoiakim.
- 605 BCE: Jerusalem switches its tributary allegiance back to the Neo-Babylonians after Necho II is defeated by Nebuchadnezzar II at the Battle of Carchemish.
- 599-597 BCE: Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) - Nebuchadnezzar II crushed a rebellion in the Kingdom of Judah and other cities in the Levant which had been sparked by the Neo-Babylonians failed invasion of Egypt in 601. Jehoiachin of Jerusalem deported to Babylon (Biblical sources only)
- 587-6 BCE: Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) - Nebuchadnezzar II fought Pharaoh Apries's attempt to invade Judah. Jerusalem mostly destroyed including the First Temple, and the city's prominent citizens exiled to Babylon (Biblical sources only)
- 582 BCE: Gedaliah the Babylonian governor of Judah assassinated, provoking refugees to Egypt and a third deportation (Biblical sources only)
Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period
- 539 BCE: Jerusalem becomes part of the Eber-Nari satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire after King Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire by defeating Nabonidus at the Battle of Opis
-
- Cyrus the Great allows Babylonian Jews to return from the Babylonian captivity and rebuild the Temple (Biblical sources only, see Cyrus (Bible) and The Return to Zion)
- The first wave of Babylonian returnees is Sheshbazzar's Aliyah (Biblical sources only)
- The second wave of Babylonian returnees is Zerubbabel's Aliyah (Biblical sources only)
- The return of Babylonian Jews increases the schism with the Samaritans, who had remained in the region during the Assyrian and Babylonian deportations.
- 516 BCE: The Second Temple is built on the 6th year of Darius the Great (Biblical sources only)
- 458 BCE: The third wave of Babylonian returnees is Ezra's Aliyah (Biblical sources only)
- 445 BCE: The fourth and final wave of Babylonian returnees is Nehemiah's Aliyah. Nehemiah is the appointed governor of Judah, and rebuilds the Old City walls (Biblical sources only)
- 410 BCE: The Great Assembly is established in Jerusalem.
- 350 BCE: Jerusalem revolts against Artaxerxes III, along with other cities of the Levant and Cyprus. Artaxerxes III, retakes the city and burns it down in the process. Jews who supported the revolt are sent to Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea.
Classical antiquity
Hellenic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic / Seleucid / Hasmonean) period
Kingdoms of the Diadochi and others before the battle of Ipsus, circa 303 BC Map of the Hellenic successor kingdoms, just before the first Syrian war circa 275 BC The Seleucid Empire in c.200 BCE Hasmonoen Kingdom at its greatest extent under Salome Alexandra- 332 BCE: Jerusalem capitulates to Alexander the Great, during his six-year Macedonian conquest of the empire of Darius III of Persia. Alexander's armies took Jerusalem without complication whilst travelling to Egypt after the Siege of Tyre.
- 323 BCE: The city comes under the rule of Laomedon of Mytilene, who is given control of the province of Syria following the Alexander's death and the resulting Partition of Babylon between the Diadochi. This partition was reconfirmed two years later at the Partition of Triparadisus
- 320 BCE: General Nicanor, dispatched by satrap of Egypt Ptolemy I Soter and founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, takes control of Syria including Jerusalem and captures Laomedon in the process
- 315 BCE: The Antigonid dynasty gains control of the city after Ptolemy I Soter withdraws from Syria including Jerusalem and Antigonus I Monophthalmus invades during the Third War of the Diadochi. Seleucus I Nicator, then governor of Babylon under Antigonus I Monophthalmus fled to Egypt to join Ptolemy.
- 312 BCE: Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after he defeats Antigonus' son Demetrius I at the Battle of Gaza (312 BC). It is probable that Seleucus I Nicator, then an Admiral under Ptolemy's command, also took part in the battle, as following the battle he was given 800 infantry and 200 cavalry and immediately travelled to Babylon where he founded the Seleucid Empire
- 311 BCE: The Antigonid dynasty regains control of the city after Ptolemy withdraws from Syria again following a minor defeat to Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and a peace treaty is concluded.
- 302 BCE: Ptolemy invades Syria for a third time, but evacuated again shortly thereafter following false news of a victory for Antigonus against Lysimachus (another of the Diadochi)
- 301 BCE: Coele-Syria (Southern Syria) including Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after Antigonus I Monophthalmus is killed at the Battle of Ipsus. Ptolemy had not taken part in the battle, and the victors Seleucus I Nicator and Lysimachus had carved up the Antigonid Empire between them, with Southern Syria intended to become part of the Seleucid Empire. Although Seleucus did not attempt to conquer the area he was due, Ptolemy's pre-emptive move led to the Syrian Wars which began in 274 BCE between the successors of the two leaders.
- 219-217 BCE: The northern portion of Coele-Syria is given to the Seleucid Empire in 219 through the betrayal of Governor Theodotus of Aetolia, who had held the province on behalf of Ptolemy IV Philopator. The Seleucids advanced on Egypt, but were defeated at the Battle of Raphia (Rafah) in 217.
- 200 BCE: Jerusalem falls under the control of the Seleucid Empire following the Battle of Panium (part of the Fifth Syrian War) in which Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemies.
- 175 BCE: Antiochus IV Epiphanes succeeds his father and becomes King of the Seleucid Empire. He accelerates Seleucid efforts to eradicate the Jewish religion by forcing the Jewish High Priest Onias III to step down in favor of his brother Jason, who was replaced by Menelaus three years later. He outlaws Sabbath and circumcision, sacks Jerusalem and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it.
- 167 BCE: Maccabean revolt sparked in 167BCE when a Seleucid Greek government representative under King Antiochus IV asked Mattathias to offer sacrifice to the Greek gods, he refused to do so, killed a Jew who had stepped forward to do so and attacked the government official that required the act[6]. Led to the guerilla Battle of Wadi Haramia (Biblical source only).
- 164 BCE 25 Kislev: The Maccabees capture Jerusalem following the Battle of Beth Zur, and rededicate the Temple (see Hanukkah). The Hasmoneans take control of part of Jerusalem, whilst the Seleucids retain control of the Acra (fortress) in the city and most surrounding areas.
- 160 BCE: The Seleucids retake control of the whole of Jerusalem after Judas Maccabeus is killed at the Battle of Elasa, marking the end of the Maccabean revolt.
- 145-144 BCE: Alexander Balas is overthrown at the Battle of Antioch (145 BC) (the capital of the Empire) by Demetrius II Nicator in alliance with Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt. The following year, Mithradates I of Parthia captured Seleucia (the previous capital of the Seleucid Empire), significantly weakening the power of Demetrius II Nicator throughout the remaining empire.
- c.140 BCE: The Acra (fortress) is captured and later destroyed by Simon Thassi
- 139 BCE: Demetrius II Nicator is taken prisoner for nine years by the rapidly expanding Parthian Empire after defeat of the Seleucids in Persia. Simon Thassi travels to Rome, where the Roman Republic formally acknowledges the Hasmonean Kingdom. However the region remained a province of the Seleucid empire and Simon Thassi was required to provide troops to Antiochus VII Sidetes
- 134 BCE: Sadducee John Hyrcanus becomes leader after his father Simon Thassi is murdered. He takes a Greek regnal name (see Hyrcania) in an acceptance of the Hellenistic culture of his Seleucid suzerains.
- 134 BCE: Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes recaptures the city. John Hyrcanus opened King David's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents which he paid as tribute to spare the city (according to Josephus[7]). John Hyrcanus, remains as governor, becoming a vassal to the Seleucids
Roman Jerusalem period
Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus, 30BCE - 6AD Pompey in the Temple, 63 BCE Jesus at the Temple The siege of Jerusalem, 70AD (David Roberts, 1850)- 63 BCE: Roman Empire under Pompey takes city[1] - Pompey enters the temple but leaves treasure. Hyrcanus II is appointed High Priest and Antipater the Idumaean is appointed governor.
- 54 BCE Crassus loots the temple, confiscating all its gold, after failing to receive the required tribute (according to Josephus)
- 45 BCE: Antipater the Idumaean is appointed Procurator of Judaea by Julius Caesar, after Julius Caesar is appointed dictator of the Roman Republic following Caesar's Civil War
- 40 BCE: Jerusalem is captured from the Romans by Barzapharnes and Pacorus I of Parthia, who invaded Roman Syria aided by Roman deserter Quintus Labienus who had joined the Parthians after the defeat of Brutus and Cassius in the Liberators' civil war two years previously. Antigonus II Mattathias, son of Aristobulus II and nephew of Hyrcanus II placed as governor of Judea.
- 38-37 BCE: Jerusalem is recaptured by the Roman general Publius Ventidius Bassus after Pacorus I of Parthia is killed at the Battle of Mount Gindarus. Jerusalem becomes the capital of Roman client kingdom of Iudaea. The Romans appoint Herod I, son of Antipater the Idumaean, to rule the city.
- 19 BCE: Herod expands the Temple Mount and rebuilds the Temple in Roman style (Herod's Temple), including the construction of the Western Wall.
- 5 BCE: Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, 40 days after his birth in Bethlehem (Biblical sources only)
- 6 CE: End of Herodian governate in Jerusalem
-
- Herod Archelaus deposed as Tetrarch of Iudaea. Herodian Dynasty permanently replaced in the province by Roman procurators, beginning with Coponius (although Herodians continued to rule as Tetrarchs elsewhere)
- Senator Quirinius appointed Legate of Syria, of which Iudaea was a part, and carries out a tax census known as the Census of Quirinius
- Both events spark the failed revolt of Judas the Galilean and the founding of the Zealot movement
- The 12 year old Jesus travels to Jerusalem on Passover, as he did every year[8] and is found in the Temple (Biblical sources only)
- 28-30 CE: Three year Ministry of Jesus, during which a number of key events took place in Jerusalem, including: (Biblical sources only)
-
- Temptation of Christ
- Cleansing of the Temple - Jesus drives the merchants and moneylenders from Herod's Temple
- Meeting with Nicodemus
- Healing the blind at birth
- 30 CE: Key events in the martyrdom of Jesus which took place in Jerusalem (Biblical sources only)
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- Palm Sunday (Jesus enters Jerusalem as the Messiah, whilst riding on a donkey)
- Last Supper
- The Passion and Crucifixion
- Resurrection of Jesus
- Ascension of Jesus
- 30 CE: The first Christian martyr (Protomartyr) Saint Stephen stoned to death following Sanhedrin trial
- 37-40 "Crisis under Caligula" - a financial crisis throughout the empire results in the first open break between Jews and Romans
- 45-46 After a famine in Judea Paul and Barnabus provide support to the Jerusalem poor from Antioch (Biblical source only)
- 50 The Apostles thought to have held the Council of Jerusalem, the first Christian council. May mark the first formal schism between Christianity and Judaism at which it was agreed that Christians did not need to be circumcised or alternately may represent a form of early Noahide Law
- 57 Paul of Tarsus is arrested in Jerusalem after he is attacked by a mob in the Temple[9] and defends his actions before a Sanhedrin
- 64-68 Nero persecutes Jews and Christians throughout the Roman Empire
- 66 James the Just killed in Jerusalem
- 66–73 CE: First Jewish-Roman War.
- 70 CE: Siege of Jerusalem (70) - EmperorTitus ends the major portion of Great Jewish Revolt and destroys Herod's Temple on Tisha B'Av. The Roman legion Legio X Fretensis is garrisoned in the city
-
- The Sanhedrin is relocated to Yavne. Pharisees become dominant and evolves into modern day Rabbinic Judaism (whereas Sadducees and Essenes are no longer recorded as groups in history - see Origins of Rabbinic Judaism
- The city's leading Christians relocate to Pella
- c.90-96: Jews and Christians heavily persecuted throughout the Roman Empire towards the end of the reign of Domitian
- 115-7: Jews revolt against the Romans throughout the empire, including Jerusalem, in the Kitos War
Roman Aelia Capitolina period
The Roman empire at its peak under Hadrian showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in AD 125.- 130: Emperor Hadrian visits the ruins of Jerusalem and decides to rebuild it as a city dedicated to Jupiter called Aelia Capitolina
- 131: An additional legion, Legio VI Ferrata, was stationed in the city to maintain order, as the Roman governor performed the foundation ceremony of Aelia Capitolina. Hadrian abolished circumcision (brit milah), which he viewed as mutilation.[10]
- 132–135: Bar Kokhba's revolt – Simon Bar Kokhba leads a revolt against the Roman Empire, controlling the city for three years. He is proclaimed as the Messiah by Rabbi Akiva ben Joseph. Hadrian sends Sextus Julius Severus to the region, who brutally crushes the revolt and retakes the city.
- 136 Hadrian formally reestablishes the city as Aelia Capitolina, and forbids Jewish and Christian presence in the city
- c136-140: A Temple to Jupiter is built on the Temple Mount and a temple to Venus is built on Calvary
- 138: Restrictions over Christian presence in the city are relaxed after Hadrian dies and Antoninus Pius becomes emperor.
- 251: Bishop Alexander of Jerusalem is killed during Roman Emperor Decius' persecution of Christians
- 259: Jerusalem falls under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire after the capture of Emperor Valerian by Shapur I at the Battle of Edessa causes the Roman Empire to splinter.
- 272: Jerusalem becomes part of the Roman Empire again after Aurelian defeats the Palmyrene Empire at the Battle of Emesa (Homs)
- 312: Macarius becomes the last Bishop of Aelia Capitolina
- 313: Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre founded in Jerusalem after Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity throughout the Roman Empire following his own conversion the previous year.
Byzantine Empire period
The Byzantine Empire in 476 Helena finding the True Cross (Italian manuscript, c.825) The Madaba Map depiction of sixth-century Jerusalem- 324-325: Emperor Constantine wins the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324) and reunites the empire. Within a few months, the First Council of Nicaea (first worldwide Christian council) confirms status of Aelia as a patriarchate[11]. A significant wave of Christian immigration to the city begins. This is the date on which the city is generally taken to have been renamed Jerusalem.
- c.325: The ban on Jews entering the city remains in force, but they are allowed to enter once a year to pray at the Western Wall on Tisha B'Av
- 326 Constantine's mother Saint Helena visits Jerusalem and orders the destruction of Hadrian's temple to Venus which had been built on Calvary. The excavation reportedly discovers the True Cross, the Holy Tunic and the Holy Nails
- 335 First Church of the Holy Sepulchre built on Calvary
- 361: Neoplatonist Julian the Apostate becomes Byzantine Emperor and attempts to reverse the growing influence of Christianity by encouraging other religions. As a result, Alypius of Antioch is commissioned to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and Jews are allowed to return to the city[12]
- 363: The Galilee earthquake of 363 together with the re-establishment of Christianity's dominance following the death of Julian the Apostate at the Battle of Samarra ends attempts to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem
- 380: Theodosius I declares Christianity the state religion of the empire
- c.380 Tyrannius Rufinus and Melania the Elder found the first monastery in Jerusalem on the Mount of Olives
- 394: John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, consecrates the Church of the Holy Zion built on the site of the Cenacle
- 451: The Council of Chalcedon confirms Jerusalem's status as a Patriarchate as one of the Pentarchy.[13]
- c.600: Latin Pope Gregory I commissions Abbot Probus of Ravenna to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat Latin pilgrims to the Holy Land
- 610: The Temple Mount in Jerusalem become the focal point for Muslim Salah (prayers), known as the First Qibla, following Muhammad's initial revelations (Wahy) (Islamic sources only)
- 610 Jewish revolt against Heraclius begins in Antioch and spreads to other cities including Jerusalem.
- 614: Siege of Jerusalem (614) - Jerusalem falls to Khosrau II's Sassanid Empire led by General Shahrbaraz, during the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628. Jewish leader Nehemiah ben Hushiel allied with Shahrbaraz in the battle, as part of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius, and was made governor of the city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is burned, Patriarch Zacharias is taken prisoner, the True Cross and other relics are taken to Ctesiphon, and much of the Christian population is massacred.[14][15]. Most of the city is destroyed.
- 617: Jewish governor Nehemiah ben Hushiel is killed by a mob of Christian citizens, three years after he is appointed. The Sassanids quell the uprising and appoint a Christian governor to replace him.
- 620: Muhammad's night journey (Isra and Mi'raj to Jerusalem (Islamic sources only)
- 624: Jerusalem loses its place as the Qibla (focal point for Muslim prayers) to Mecca, 18 months after the Hijra (Muhammad's migration to Medina)
- 629: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem, after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh (627). Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.[16]
Middle Ages
Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period
The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads. Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950).- 636-7: Siege of Jerusalem (637) - Caliph Umar the Great conquers Jerusalem and enters the city on foot, following the decisive defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Yarmouk a few months earlier[1]. Patriarch Sophronius and Umar are reported to have agreed the Covenant of Umar I, which guaranteed Christians freedom of religion but prohibited Jews from living in the city according to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari.
- 638: The Armenian Apostolic Church began appointing its own bishop in Jerusalem.
- 661: Muawiyah I is ordained as Caliph of the Islamic world in Jerusalem following the assassination of Ali in Karbala, ending the First Fitna and marking the beginning of the Umayyad Empire
- 687–691: The Dome of the Rock is built by Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan during the Second Fitna, becoming the world's first great work of Islamic architecture[1]. The Temple Mount (known as Haram Ash-Sharif in the Islamic world), had remained unbuilt for c.600 years since Titus's destruction of Herod's Temple in 70CE.
- 692: Orthodox Council in Trullo formally makes Jerusalem one of the Pentarchy (disputed by Roman Catholicism).
- 705: The Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I builds the Masjid al-Aqsa.
- 744-750: Riots in Jerusalem and other major Syrian cities during the reign of Marwan II, quelled in 745-6. The Umayyad army is subsequently defeated in 750 at the Battle of the Zab by the Abbasids, who take control of the entire empire including Jerusalem. Marwan II flees via Jerusalem but is assassinated in Egypt
- 797: First embassy sent from Charlemagne to Caliph Harun al-Rashid as part of the attempted Abbasid–Carolingian alliance[17] Harun al-Rashid is reported to have offered the custody of the Holy places in Jerusalem to Charlemagne. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was restored and the Latin hospital was enlarged and placed under the control of the Benedictines.[18]
- 799: Charlemagne sent another mission to Patriarch George of Jerusalem[19]
- 813: Caliph Al-Ma'mun visits Jerusalem and undertakes extensive renovations to the Dome of the Rock
- 878: Ahmad ibn Tulun, ruler of Egypt and founder of the Tulunid dynasty, conquers Jerusalem and most of Syria, four years after declaring Egypt's independence from the Abbasid court in Baghdad.
- 904: The Abbasids regain control of Jerusalem after invading Syria, and the army of Tulunid Emir Harun retreats to Egypt where the Tulunids were defeated the following year.
- 939: Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid, governor of Abbasid Egypt and Palestine, granted independent control over his domain and the title Al-Ikhshid (Prince) by Abbasid Caliph Ar-Radi
- 946: Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid died and buried in Jerusalem. Abu al-Misk Kafur becomes de facto ruler.
- 966: Al-Muqaddasi leaves Jerusalem to begin his 20 year geographical study
- 968: Abu al-Misk Kafur dies and is also buried in Jerusalem. The Ikhshidid government divides and the Fatimids prepare for invasion of Egypt and Palestine
Fatimid Caliphate period
The Fatimid Caliphate at its greatest extent, showing Jerusalem- 969: The Ismaili Shia Fatimids under General Gawhar Al-Siqilli conquer the Ikhshidid domains of the Abbasid empire including Jerusalem, following a treaty guaranteeing the local Sunnis freedom of religion
- 1009: Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim orders destruction of churches and synagogues in the empire, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
- 1016: Caliph Ali az-Zahir undertakes extensive renovations to the Dome of the Rock
- 1030: Caliph Ali az-Zahir authorizes the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other Christian churches in a treaty with Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros.
- 1042: Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos pays for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, authorized by Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah. Al-Mustansir authorizes a number of other Christian buildings, including the Muristan hospital, church and monastery built by a group of Amalfi merchants in c1050
- 1054: Great Schism - the Patriarch of Jerusalem joined the Eastern Orthodox Church, under the jurisdiction of Constantinople. All Christians in the Holy Land came under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, setting in place a key cause of the Crusades
- 1073: Jerusalem is captured by Malik-Shah I's Great Seljuq Empire under Emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq, who was advancing south into the weakening Fatimid Empire following the decisive defeat over the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert two years previously and a devastating six year famine in Egypt between 1067-1072.[20]
- 1077: Jerusalem revolts against the rule of Emir Atsiz ibd Uvaq while he is fighting the Fatimid Empire in Egypt. On his return to Jerusalem, Atsiz re-takes the city and massacres the local population[21]. As a result, Atsiz is executed by Tutush I, governor of Syria under his brother, Seljuk leader Malik-Shah I. Tutush I appoints Artuq bin Ekseb, later founder of the Artuqid dynasty, as governor.
- 1091-5: Artuq bin Ekseb dies in 1091, and is succeeded as governor by his sons Ilghazi and Sokmen. Malik Shah dies in 1092, and the Great Seljuk Empire splits in to smaller warring states. Control of Jerusalem is disputed between Duqaq and Radwan after the death of their father Tutush I in 1095. The ongoing rivalry weakens Syria.
- 1095-6 Al-Ghazali lives in Jerusalem
- 1095: At the Council of Clermont Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade
- 1098: Fatimid Regent Al-Afdal Shahanshah reconquers Jerusalem from Artuq bin Ekseb's sons Ilghazi and Sokmen
Kingdom of Jerusalem (Crusaders) period
Crusader states in 1180 The capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders on 15 July 1099 1. The Holy Sepulcher, 2. The Dome of the Rock, 3. Ramparts A woodcut of Jerusalem in the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493- 1099: Siege of Jerusalem (1099) - First Crusaders capture Jerusalem and slaughter most of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. The Dome of the Rock is converted into a church. Godfrey of Bouillon becomes Protector of the Holy Sephulcre.[22]
- 1100 Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon promises to turn over the rule of Jerusalem to the Papacy once the crusaders capture Egypt. The invasion of Egypt did not occur as Godfrey died shortly thereafter. Baldwin was proclaimed the first King of Jerusalem after politically outmanouvering Dagobert.
- 1104: The Al-Aqsa Mosque becomes the Royal Palace of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- 1112 Arnulf of Chocques becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem for the second time and prohibits non-Catholic worship at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
- 1113 The foundation of the Knights Hospitaller by Gerard Thom at the Muristan Christian hospice in Jerusalem is confirmed by a Papal Bull from Pope Paschal II
- 1119 Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer found the Knights Templar in the Al Aqsa Mosque
- 1137 Zengi defeats Fulk of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ba'rin. Fulk was trapped in Ba'rin Castle, but released by Zengi on payment of a ransom.
- 1138: St Anne's Church is built by Arda of Armenia, widow of Baldwin I of Jerusalem
- 1149: New Church of the Holy Sepulchre built
- 1141-73: Jerusalem is visited by Yehuda Halevi (1141), Maimonides (1165), Benjamin of Tudela (1173).
Ayyubid, Mamluk Bahri and Mamluk Burji period
Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin, 1193 The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250-1382- 1187: Siege of Jerusalem (1187) - Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders, after Battle of the Horns of Hattin. Allows Jewish and Orthodox Christian settlement. The Dome of the Rock is converted to an Islamic center of worship again.
- 1192: Third Crusade under Richard the Lionheart fails to recapture Jerusalem, but ends with the Treaty of Ramla in which Saladdin agreed that Western Christian pilgrims could worship freely in Jerusalem
- 1193: Mosque of Omar built under Saladin outside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, commemorating Umar the Great’s decision to pray outside the church so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the Church's status as a Christian site
- 1193: The Moroccan Quarter is established
- 1212: 300 Rabbis from England and France settle in Jerusalem.
- 1219: Despite having rebuilt the walls during the Third Crusade, Al-Mu'azzam, Ayyubid Emir of Damascus, destroys the city walls to prevent the Crusaders from capturing a fortified city
- 1229 To end the Sixth Crusade, a 10-year treaty is signed between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ayyubid Sultan Al-Kamil, allowing Christians freedom to live in the unfortified city. The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places.
- 1239: An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid Emir of Kerak, occupies the city.
- 1240-44: An-Nasir Dawud competes with his cousin As-Salih Ayyub, who had allied with the Crusaders, for control of the region.
- 1244: Siege of Jerusalem (1244) - In order to permanently retake the city from rival breakaway Abbasid rulers who had allied with the Crusaders, As-Salih Ayyub summoned a huge mercenary army of Khwarezmians, who were available for hire following the defeat of the Khwarazm Shah dynasty by the Mongols ten years earlier[23]. The Khwarezmians could not be controlled by As-Salih Ayyub, and destroyed the city. A few months later, the two sides met again at the decisive Battle of La Forbie, marking the end of the Crusader influence in the region
- 1246: The Ayyubids regain control of the city after the Khwarezmians are defeated by Al-Mansur Ibrahim at Lake Homs
- 1248-50: The Seventh Crusade, launched in reaction to the 1244 destruction of Jerusalem, fails after Louis IX of France is defeated and captured by Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah at the Battle of Fariskur in 1250. The Mamluk Sultanate is indirectly created in Egypt as a result, as Turanshah is killed by his Mamluk soldiers a month after the battle and his step-mother Shajar al-Durr becomes Sultana of Egypt with the Mamluk Aybak as Atabeg. The Ayyubids relocate to Damascus, where they continue to control the rump of their empire including Jerusalem for a further 10 years.
- 1260: The Army of the Mongol Empire reaches Palestine for the first time:
-
- Jerusalem raided as part of the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa. Hulagu Khan sends a message to Louis IX of France that Jerusalem remitted to the Christians under the Franco-Mongol Alliance
- Hulagu Khan returns to Mongolia following the death of Mongke, leaving Kitbuqa and a reduced army to fight the Battle of Ain Jalut, north of Jerusalem. Seen as one of history's most significant battles, after the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamelukes under Baibars [24]
- 1267: Nachmanides goes to Jerusalem and prays at the Western Wall. Reported to have found only two Jewish families in the city
- 1300: Further Mongol raids into Palestine under Ghazan and Mulay. Jerusalem held by the Mongols for four months (see Ninth Crusade). Hetham II, King of Armenia, was allied to the Mongols and is reported to have visited Jerusalem where he donated his scepter to the Armenian Cathedral.
- 1340: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem builds a wall around the Armenian Quarter
- 1347: The Black Death sweeps Jerusalem and much of the rest of the Mamluk Sultanate.
- 1377: Jerusalem and other cities in Mamluk Syria revolt, following the death of Al-Ashraf Sha'ban. The revolt was quelled and a coup d'etat is staged by Barquq in Cairo in 1382, founding the Mamluk Burji dynasty.
- 1392-93 - Henry IV of England makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
- 1482: The visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssianians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
Early modern period
Early Ottoman period
The Ottoman Empire in 1683, showing Jerusalem- 1517: The Ottoman Empire captures Jerusalem after Sultan Selim I of defeats the last Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri at the Battle of Marj Dabiq the previous year. Selim proclaims himself Caliph of the Islamic world
- 1535–1538: Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds walls around Jerusalem.
- 1541: Muslims seal The Golden Gate to prevent Jewish Messiah's entrance.
- 1556: Earthquake damages the city.
- 1604: First Protectorate of missions agreed under the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, in which Ahmad I agreed that the subjects of Henry IV of France were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major Ottoman cities.
- 1663-5 Sabbatai Zevi, founder of the Sabbateans, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native Smyrna where he proclaimed himself the Messiah
- 1672: Synod of Jerusalem
- 1700: Judah the Pious with 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
- 1703–1705: The city revolts against heavy taxation. It is finally put down two years later by Jurji Muhammad Pasha.[25]
- 1705: Restrictions imposed against the Jews.
- 1757 Ottoman firman is issued regarding the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
- 1771-2: The renegade Christian Mamluk ruler of Egypt Ali Bey Al-Kabir temporarily took control of Jerusalem with 30,000 troops, together with Daher el-Omar and Russia (who had also instigated a Greek revolt as part of the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
- 1774: The Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca is signed between Catherine the Great and Sultan Abdul-Hamid I giving Russia the right to protect all Christians in the Ottoman Empire.(Same rights previously given to France (1535) and England)
- 1799: Napoleon's unsuccessful Campaign in Egypt and Syria intends to capture Jerusalem, but is defeated at the Siege of Acre
Modern era
Decline of the Ottoman Empire period
Map of Jerusalem in 1883 "Independent" Vilayet of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Levant after the reorganisation of 1887-88- 1821: Greek War of Independence begins after Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras proclaimed a national uprising against the Ottoman empire at the Monastery of Agia Lavra. Jerusalem's Christian population, who were estimated to make up around 20% of the city's total[26] (with the majority being Greek Orthodox), were forced by the Ottoman authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black and help improve the city's fortifications
- 1825-6: Antitax rebellion takes control of the citadel and expels the city's garrison. The rebellion is put down by Abdullah Pasha
- 1827: First visit by Sir Moses Montefiore.
- 1831: Wali Muhammad Ali of Egypt conquers the city following Sultan Mahmud II's refusal to grant him control over Syria as compensation for his help fighting the Greek War of Independence. The invasion led to the First Turko-Egyptian War
- 1833: Armenians establish the first printing press in the city
- 1834: Jerusalem revolts against conscription under the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt during the 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine
- 1838-57: The first European consulates are opened in the city (e.g. Britain 1838)
- 1839-40: Rabbi Judah Alkalai publishes "The Pleasant Paths" and "The Peace of Jerusalem", urging the return of European Jews to Jerusalem and Palestine.
- 1840: A firman is issued by Ibrahim Pasha forbidding Jews to pave the passageway in front of the Western Wall. It also cautioned them against “raising their voices and displaying their books there.”
- 1840: The Ottoman Turks retake the city - with help from the English (Lord Palmerston)
- 1844: First Tanzimat era census: 7120 Jews, 5760 Muslims, 3390 Christians.
- 1847: Giuseppe Valerga appointed as the first Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem since the crusades
- 1852: Sultan Abdülmecid I published a firman setting out the rights and responsibility of each community at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The firman is known as the "Status quo" and its protocol is still in force today.
- 1853-4: Under military and financial pressure from Napoleon III, Sultan Abdulmecid I accepts a treaty confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme authority in the Holy Land with control over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This decision contravened the 1774 treaty with Russia, and led to the Crimean War.
- 1860: The first Jewish neighborhood (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the Old City walls, in an area later known as Yemin Moshe, by Sir Moses Montefiore and Judah Touro.[27][28]
- 1862: Moses Hess publishes Rome and Jerusalem, arguing for a Jewish homeland in Palestine centered on Jerusalem
- 1873–1875: Mea Shearim is built.
- 1877: Jerusalem representative Yousef al-Khalidi appointed as President of the Chamber of Deputies in the short-lived first Ottoman parliament following the accession of Abdul Hamid II and the declaration of the Kanun-ı Esasî
- 1882: The First Aliyah results in 25,000-35,000 Zionist immigrants entering the Palestine region
- 1886: Church of Maria Magdalene is built by the Russian Orthodox Church
- 1887-8: Ottoman Palestine divided into the districts of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre - Jerusalem District is "autonomous", i.e. attached directly to Istanbul
- 1897: First Zionist Congress at which Jerusalem was discussed as the possible capital of a future Jewish state. In response, Abdul Hamid II initiates policy of sending members of his own Palace staff to govern province of Jerusalem
- 1898: German Kaiser Wilhelm visits the city to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets Theodore Herzl outside city walls.
- 1901: Ottoman restrictions on Zionist immigration to and land acquisition in Jerusalem district take effect
- 1906: Bezalel Academy of Art and Design is founded.
- 1908: Young Turk Revolution reconvenes the Ottoman parliament, to which the Jerusalem district sends two members.
British Mandate period
Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes-Picot Agreement General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, 11 December 1917- 1917: The Ottomans are defeated at the Battle of Jerusalem during the First World War. The British Army's General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph Umar in 637. The Balfour Declaration had been issued just a month before.
- 1918: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) is founded (inaugurated in 1925) on Mount Scopus on the land owned by the Jewish National Fund.
- 1918–1920: Jerusalem is under British military administration.
- 1920: Nabi Musa Riots in and around the Old City of Jerusalem mark the first large-scale skirmish of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
- 1921: Hajj Mohammad Amin al-Husayni is appointed Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
- 1923: The first lecture is delivered by the first president of World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS), Albert Einstein.
- 1929: 1929 Palestine riots sparked by a demonstration organized by Joseph Klausner's Committee for the Western Wall[29][30][31][32]
- 1932: King David Hotel is opened. The first issue of The Palestine Post is published.
- 1946: King David Hotel is blown up by militant Irgun Tzvai-Leumi Zionists, killing 91 people including 28 British government officials . It remains the deadliest explosion in the Arab-Israeli Conflict to date[33]
- 1947 November 29: 1947 UN Partition Plan calls for internationalization of Jerusalem as a "corpus separatum" (UN General Assembly Resolution 181).
Partition between Israel and Jordan
- 1948–1949: 1948 Arab-Israeli War
-
- April 9: Deir Yassin Massacre
- May 13: Hadassah medical convoy massacre.
- May 14: The term of the British Mandate ends.
- May 14: The State of Israel is established at 4 pm
- May 27: The Arab Legion Destroys the Hurva Synagogue.
- May 28: The Jewish Quarter of the Old City falls to Arab Legion under Glubb Pasha. The Legion destroys all remaining synagogues.
- July 26: West Jerusalem is proclaimed territory of Israel.
- 1949: Jerusalem is proclaimed the capital of Israel. The Knesset moves to Jerusalem from Tel-Aviv. Jordan prevents access to the Western Wall and Mount Scopus, in violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
- 1951: King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by Arab extremists on the Temple Mount.
- 1953: Establishment of Yad Vashem.
- 1964: Pope Paul VI visits Israel, becoming the first pope in one thousand years to visit the Holy Land, but performs a ceremony at Mount Zion without visiting the Old City of Jerusalem. His meeting with Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople led to the rescinding of the excommunications of the 1054 Great Schism.
- 1966: Inauguration of new Knesset building. Israel Museum and Shrine of the Book are established.
Israeli period
The Temple Mount as it appears today. The Western Wall is in the foreground with the Dome of the Rock in the background- 1967 5–11 June: The Six Day War.
-
- June 7: The Old City is captured by the IDF.
- June 10: The Moroccan Quarter including 135 houses and the Al-Buraq mosque is demolished, creating a plaza in front of the Western Wall
- June 28: Israel declares Jerusalem unified and announces free access to holy sites of all religions.
- 1968: Israel reclaims the Jewish Quarter, confiscating 129 dunams (0.129 km2) of land which had made up the Jewish Quarter before 1948[34], evicting 6,000 residents and 437 shops.[35]
- 1969: An Australian Protestant extremist burns a part of the al-Aqsa Mosque.
- 1977: President of Egypt Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem.
- 1978: WUJS headquarters moves from London to Jerusalem.
- 1980: The Jerusalem Law is enacted leading to UN Security Council Resolution 478 (it states that the Council will not recognize this law)
- 2000: Pope John Paul II becomes the first Latin Pope to visit Jerusalem, and prays at the Western Wall.
- 2000: Final Agreement between Israel and Palestine is not achieved at the 2000 Camp David Summit, with the status of Jerusalem playing a central role in the breakdown of talks.
- 2000: The Second Intifada (also known as Al-Aqsa Intifada) begins two months after the end of the Camp David Summit - Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount is reported to have been a relevant factor in the uprising.
- 2008: Israeli Sephardic Religious Party, Shas, refuses to form part of the government without a guarantee that there will be no negotiations that will lead to a partition of Jerusalem.
Graphical Overview of Jerusalem's Historical Periods
References
- ^ a b c d e Slavik, Diane. 2001. Cities through Time: Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem. Geneva, Illinois: Runestone Press, p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8225-3218-7
- ^ Mazar, Benjamin. 1975. The Mountain of the Lord. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 45. ISBN 0-385-04843-2
- ^ Chronology of the Israelite Tribes from The History Files (historyfiles.co.uk)
- ^ Ben-Dov, Meir. 1985. In the Shadow of the Temple. New York, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-06-015362-8
- ^ Bright, John (1980). A History of Israel. p. 311. http://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=assyrian+records,+manasseh,+esarhaddon&source=bl&ots=v_KphQuXE3&sig=zMwqXTAZvLsRCbxYtVo45ka_FPQ&hl=en&ei=LJoWS5vCCo-WtgfTvqj-BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBUQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=assyrian%20records%2C%20manasseh%2C%20esarhaddon&f=false.
- ^ http://virtualreligion.net/iho/maccabee.html
- ^ Josephus The Jewish Wars (1:60)
- ^ Luke 2:41-43
- ^ Acts 21:26-39
- ^ Christopher Mackay. "Ancient Rome a Military and Political History" 2007: 230
- ^ Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: First Nicaea: Canon VII: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Aelia [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honored, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honor."; "It is very hard to determine just what was the “precedence” granted to the Bishop of Aelia, nor is it clear which is the "metropolis" referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including Hefele, Balsamon, Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be Cæsarea; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is Antioch that is referred to."
- ^ Browning, Robert. 1978. The Emperor Julian. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 176. ISBN 0-520-03731-6
- ^ Horn, Cornelia B.; Robert R. Phenix, Jr. 2008. The Lives of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the Monk Romanus. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, p. lxxxviii. ISBN 978-1-5898-3200-8
- ^ Hussey, J.M. 1961. The Byzantine World. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, p. 25.
- ^ Karen Armstrong. 1997. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York, New York: Ballantine Books, p. 229. ISBN 0-345-39168-3
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George. 1969. History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 104. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2
- ^ Charlemagne and the Early Middle Ages by Miriam Greenblatt, p.29
- ^ Heck, Gene W.. Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism. p. 172. http://books.google.com/books?id=5qNgiv-ZOEAC&pg=PA179.
- ^ War And Peace in the Law of Islam by Majid Khadduri, p.247
- ^ Singh, Nagendra. 2002. "International Encyclopedia of Islamic Dynasties"'
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2007. "Historic Cities of the Islamic World
- ^ Runciman, Steven. 1951. A History of the Crusades: Volume 1 The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 279–290. ISBN 0-521-06161-X
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jerusalem (After 1291)
- ^ Jerusalem Timeline From David to the 20th Century
- ^ Asali, K. J. Jerusalem in History. Brooklyn, New York: Olive Branch Press, p. 215. ISBN 978-1-5665-6304-8
- ^ Fisk and King, 'Description of Jerusalem,' in The Christian Magazine, July 1824, page 220. Mendon Association, 1824.
- ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/mishkenot.html
- ^ http://www.mishkenot.org.il/en/secmain.asp?secid=1
- ^ Segev, Tom (1999). One Palestine, Complete. Metropolitan Books. pp. 295–313. ISBN 0805048480. The group assembled at the Wall shouting "the Wall is ours". They raised the Jewish national flag and sang Hatikvah, the Israeli anthem. The authorities had been notified of the march in advance and provided a heavy police escort in a bid to prevent any incidents. Rumors spread that the youths had attacked local residents and had cursed the name of Muhammad
- ^ Levi-Faur, Sheffer and Vogel, 1999, p. 216.
- ^ Sicker, 2000, p. 80.
- ^ 'The Wailing Wall In Jerusalem Another Incident', The Times, Monday, August 19, 1929; pg. 11; Issue 45285; col D.
- ^ Prince-Gibson, Eetta (July 27, 2006). "Reflective truth". Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=29576. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- ^ "Christians in the Holy Land" Edited by Michael Prior and William Taylor. ISBN 0 905035 32 1. Page 104: Albert Aghazarian "The significance of Jerusalem to Christians". This writer states that "Jews did not own any more than 20% of this quarter" prior to 1948.
- ^ "Palestine and Palestinians", page 117.
External links
- History of Jerusalem. Jerusalem through the ages at Hagshama
- Main Events In The History Of Jerusalem at HUJI
- Jerusalem timeline at shalomjerusalem.com
- Jerusalem chronolgy at Christian Travel Study Programs
- Main Events in the History of Jerusalem at CenturyOne Bookstore
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Categories: History of Jerusalem | Jewish history timelines | City timelines
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