Voiceless Alveolar Plosive Information
The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically; the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (outside of Ni‘ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar plosive when adopting loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), and Nǁng of South Africa.
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Features
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is stop, or plosive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| t | tenuis t |
| tʰ | aspirated t |
| tʲ | palatalized t |
| tʷ | labialized t |
| ⁿt | prenasalized t |
| tˤ | pharyngealized t |
| t̚ | unreleased t |
| tʼ | ejective t |
Occurrence
Present in nearly every language, the voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop is one of the most common phones cross-linguistically.[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | тфы | [tfə] | 'five' | ||
| Armenian | տուն | [tun] (help·info) | 'house' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 但/daan6 | [taːn˨˨] | 'however' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 大/dà | [ta˥˩] | 'big' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Yi | ꄉ/da | [ta˧] | 'place' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Czech | toto | [toto] | 'this' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[2] | taal | [taːl] | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | tick | [tʰɪk] | 'tick' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | parta | [pɑrtɑ] | 'beard' | Allophone of the voiceless dental plosive. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[3] | tordu | [tɔʀdy] | 'crooked' | See French phonology | |
| German | Tochter | [ˈtʰɔxtɐ] | 'daughter' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | τρία/tria | [ˈtria] | 'three' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian[4] | tutaj | [tutɒj] | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese[5] | 特別/tokubetsu | [tokɯbetsɯ] | 'special' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | тхуы | ['txʷə] (help·info) | 'five' | ||
| Korean | 턱/teok | [tʰʌk̚] | 'jaw' | See Korean phonology | |
| Malay | tahun | [tahun] | 'year' | S | |
| Maltese | tassew | [tasˈsew] | 'true' | ||
| Norwegian | tann | [tʰɑn] | 'tooth' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[6] | [taɾawa] | 'greedy' | |||
| Slovak | to | [to] | 'that' | ||
| Thai | ตา/ta | [taː˥˧] | 'eye' | ||
| Vietnamese | ti | [ti] | 'flaw,' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | tosk | [tosk] | 'tooth' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967), "Perception of the speech code", Psychological Review 74 (6).
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Szende (1994:91)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
Bibliography
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
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